The Present Simple Tense
Koristimo ga za:
- radnje koje se stalno ponavljaju – She does her homework when she comes home.
- činjenice – The Earth goes round the Sun.
- rasporede – I do yoga on Friday.
- za opisivanje procesa – In factories, machines sort, clean, and assemble parts to create products, which are then inspected and packaged for delivery.
- građenje prvog kondicionala u zavisnom delu rečenice (posle if, when, as soon as)
- davanje instrukcija ili smernica: –Place the ingredients in a bowl and stir until smooth. – You walk for two hundred metres then you turn right.
- označavanje fiksnih rasporeda polaska prevoznih sredstava: – The train leaves at 5pm.
- događaje u prošlosti kako bismo dočarali situaciju pa govorimo kao da se to upravo događa: – Yesterday, he walks into the room, looks around, and sits down.
- novinske naslove koji obično koriste present simple u naslovima da naglase dramatičnost: – Rebels attack government buildings.
- za buduće događaje, rasporede: The concert starts at 8pm.
Kako se gradi?
The Present Simple Tense se gradi tako što se na osnovu glagola dodaje nastavak -s ili -es.
Kada dodajemo -s a kada -es nastavak na osnovu glagola?
Nastavak -es dodajemo na glagole koji se završavaju na o,x, ch, sh, s, ss a nastavak -s dodajemo na ostale glagole (sem naravno kada je u pitanju glagol to be koji ima svoje posebne oblike za ovo vreme i glagol have, koji za treće lice jednine glasi has.)
Kako gradimo odričan oblik ?
Odričan oblik se gradi tako što se dodaje rečca not na do ili does. Pogledajmo primer:
She does not like chocolate. /She doesn’t like chocolate.
We do not live in a city. / We don’t live in a city.
Kako gradimo upitan oblik?
Upitan oblik se gradi tako što koristimo pomoćni glagol do u u obliku do/does koji stavljamo na početak rečenice. Glavni glagol (onaj koji nosi značenje nema promene. Znači, ne možemo reći : Does she likes chocolate?
Pogledajmo primere:
Does she like chocolate?
Do you live in a city?
*Promene u pisanju.
Jednosložne i neke dvosložne reči koje se završavaju na konsonant+y menjaju y u -i. Npr. cry-cries; study-studies..
Preuzmi pdf za vežbanje.
The Present Continuous Tense
Kada koristimo?
Sadašnjost:
- Za radnje koje se dešavaju u trenutku govora: – I’m listening to the song at the moment.
- Za radnje koje se ne dešavaju nužno ovog trenutka, već oko njega: I’m reading a good book these days.
- Za radnje koje označavaju neki kontinuiran proces u nekom vremenu: Technology is evolving.
- Kada želimo da iskažemo da nas nečija navika iritira. – You’re always loosing your keys!
Budućnost:
Kada planiramo da uradimo nešto a to obično uključuje i druge osobe. – I’m meeting John tomorrow.
-What are you doing this weekend? – I’m going on holiday with my family.
Građenje:
Potvrdan oblik:
S + am/is/are + V+ing
1.She is eating her sandwich.
2. They are sitting on the couch.
3. I am listening to the song.
Odričan oblik:
S + am/is/are + not + Ving
- I am not sitting on the couch.
- She is not reading a book. (She isn’t reading a book.)
- They are not listening to us. (They aren’t…)
Upitan oblik:
Am/Is/Are + S + V+ing
- Are you listening to me?
- Is she coming?
- Am I going?
The Simple Past Tense
Kada koristimo?
The Simple Past Tense 1.koritimo da mi iskazali radnje koje su se desile i završile u prošlosti. Na to obično ukazuje neka vremenska odrednica
(I bought a new T-shirt yesterday.)
2. ili se na osnovu konteksta može zaključiti kada se nešto desilo tj. znamo da se radnja desila i završila u prošlosti (Leonardo painted the Mona Lisa).
Vremenske odrednice koje najčešće određuju ovo vreme su: yesterday, ago, last, in+godina u prošlosti, the other day..
Građenje
Potvrdan oblik
dodajemo nastavak –ED na infinitiv glagola kod pravilnih glagola:
play-played
stay-stayed
cook-cooked
talk-talked
walk-walked
nepravilni glagoli imaju svoj oblik za past tense:
cost-cost
buy-bought
come-came
take-took
Odričan oblik
dodajemo did not (didn’t) ispred glagola, a glagol ostaje u infinitivu. Za sva lica je isti oblik –didn’t:
-She didn’t come.
-They didn’t show us the room.
Upitan oblik
dodajemo did ispred subjekta. Glavni glagol ostaje u infinitivu.
Did they come?
Did she arrive?
Napomena: Glagol to be gradi sve oblike na poseban način. Više o tome možete da pročitate ovde.
Promene u pisanju glagola nakon dodatka nastavka -ed:
- jednosložni glagoli koji se završavaju na konsonant + y, menjaju y u -i a zatim dodaju –ed , cry-cried ;
- jednosložni i neki dvosložni glagoli koji se završavaju na vokal + konsonant, udvostručuju konsonant: stop-stopped;
The Past Continuous Tense
Kada se koristi?
The Past Continuous (Progressive) Tense
- koristimo da bismo iskazali radnje koje su trajale neko određeno vreme u prošlosti ali ne znači da su završene:
- She was reading a book.
- da bismo pričali o radnjama koje su trajale uporedo. Tada obično koristimo reč while.
-While I was cooking, you were reading a book.
- da bismo označili radnju koja je prekinula neku drugu radnju. Koristimo kombinaciju past simple tense i past continuous:
– My mother came in when I was reading a book.
Građenje
Potvrdan oblik
S + was/were + Ving
-She was cooking.
-They were walking.
-Tom was running.
Odričan oblik
S + was/were + not + Ving
-She wasn’t cooking.
-They weren’t walking.
-Tom wasn’t running.
Upitan oblik
Was/were + S + Ving?
-Was she cooking?
-Were they walking?
– Was Tom running?
The Present Perfect Simple Tense
Kada se koristi?
The Present Perfect Simple Tense
-koristimo da bismo označili radnje koje su se desile do sadašnjeg trenutka.
I have read two articles so far.
Tom has written a book.
-takođe koristimo da bismo označili neku skorašnju situaciju, zbog čega se često koristi u vestima:
The president has announced new tax hikes.
-kada pričamo o dosadašnjem iskustvu:
I have visited a lot of countries.
Građenje
Da bismo izgradili ovo vreme potreban nam je pomoćni glagol HAVE u odgovarajućem obliku (has za treće lice jednine) i neophodan nam je past particip.
She has gone.
They have come.
Potvrdan oblik
have/has + past participle
She has visited her grandmother.
We have arrived in Belgrade.
Odričan oblik
have/has + not + past participle
She has not (hasn’t) arrived.
They have not (haven’t) arrived.
Upitan oblik
Have/has + S + past participle?
Have they arrived?
Has she come?
Odrednice koje možemo da koristimo za ovo vreme su: recently, for, since, just, yet, already, so far.
The Present Perfect Continuous (Progressive) Tense
Kada koristimo?
Ovo vreme koristimo da bismo označili radnje koje su trajale do sadašnjeg trenutka. Akcenat je na dužini trajanja radnje.
Potvrdan oblik
S + have/has + been + Ving
-I have been playing football until 7pm.
-She has been studying for a long time.
Upitan oblik
Have/has + S + been + Ving?
Have you been playing football?
Has she been cooking the whole time?
Odričan oblik
S + have/has not + been + Ving
She has not (hasn’t) been cooking.
They have not (haven’t) been running.
Neke vremenske odrednice koje koristimo za ovo vreme su:
recently, so far, yet, just..
The Past Perfect Simple Tense
Kada se koristi?
The Past Perfect Simple Tense
koristimo da bismo označili radnje koje su se desile i završile pre neke druge radnje u prošlosti:
She had come before we arrived.
Tom had been there before I came.
Građenje:
Potvrdan oblik
S + had + past participle (treća kolona nepravilnih glagola)
She had arrived at the train station before we came.
She had come to visit us when we were there.
Odričan oblik
S + had + not + past participle
She had not (hadn’t) arrived at the train station before we came.
She had not (hadn’t) come to visit us when we were there.
Upitan oblik
Had + S + past participle
Had she arrive?
Had she come?
Za više pogledaj ovde.
The Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Definicija
Ovo vreme koristimo da bismo izrazili radnju koja je trajala neko vreme pre neke druge prošle radnje. Akcenat je na dužini trajanja radnje.
Had you been waiting long before the taxi arrived?
Građenje
Potvrdan oblik
S + had+been+Ving
I had been waiting for you for 4 hours when you came.
- She had been studying for the TOEFL exam for months before she finally felt ready to take it.
- He had been learning English through podcasts until he joined an intensive course.
- They had been working on their SEO strategies for several weeks before the website traffic increased.
Upitan oblik
Had + S + been +Ving?
- Had she been studying for the TOEFL exam for months before taking it?
- Had they been working on their SEO strategies before seeing an increase in traffic?
- Had he been learning English through podcasts before joining the course?
Odričan oblik
S+ had+not+Ving
- She had not been studying for the TOEFL exam before she decided to take it.
- I had not been teaching English online before I opened a physical classroom.
- He had not been learning English consistently before enrolling in the course.
The Future Simple
Kada koristimo ovo vreme?
The Future Simple koristimo da bismo izrazili
1.odluke donesene u trenutku govora:
-Someone is knocking at the door. – I’ll open it.
2. predviđanja koja nisu zasnovana na nekim činjenicama nego na osnovu našeg razmišljanja
-I think we will have a nice weather.
-You will pass the exam if you study hard.
-She will be famous one day.
Građenje:
Potvrdan oblik
S+will+infinitiv glavnog glagola
She will go shopping.
Odričan oblik
S+will+not+infinitiv glavnog glagola
She will not (won’t) go shopping.
Upitan oblik
Will + S + infinitiv glavnog glagola
Will she go to the seaside?
The Future Continuous
Kada se koristi?
Ovaj oblik koristimo da bismo da bismo naznačili da će neka radnja trajati (biti u toku) u određenom momentu u budućnosti:
Please don’t call us at 7pm. We will be having dinner.
Građenje:
Potvrdan oblik
S+ will+be+Ving
She will be working.
They will be studying.
Odričan oblik
S+will+not (won’t) + be + Ving
She won’t be studying.
They won’t be playing games.
Upitan oblik
Will + S+be+ Ving
Will they be playing games?
The Future Perfect Simple
Kada koristimo?
Ovaj oblik koristimo kada želimo da iskažemo radnju koja će se desiti do zamišljene tačke u budućnosti.
I will have finished all my reports by midnight.
Građenje
Potvrdan oblik
S+will+have+past participle
She will have written all the letters by midnight.
They will have done their homework by noon.
Odričan oblik
S+will+not+have+past participle
She will not have finished all the report by midnight.
They won’t have done their homework before school.
The Future Perfect Continuous
Kada upotrebljavamo?
Za radnje koje su trajale do zamišljenog momenta u budućnosti.
She will have been working in this company for 25 years.
Građenje
Potvrdan oblik
S + will+ have + been+ Ving
By 8 p.m., they will have been waiting for the train for three hours.
Upitan oblik
Will + S+ have+ been+ Ving
Will they have been waiting?
Odričan oblik
S+will+not+be+Ving
She won’t be working.
Be going to za budućnost
Kada se koristi?
Ovaj oblik koristimo kako bismo pričali o namerama da nešto uradimo u budućnosti.
I’m going to retire when I turn 65.
Međutim, ovaj oblik koristimo i da bismo pričali o stvarima koje će se desiti a zasnovane su na nekim opipljivim parametrima. Na primer, vidite da će se ovek okliznuti na koru od banane. Kažete:
Oh no, this man is going to fall!
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